A modified detailed balance model is built to understand and quantifyefficiency loss of perovskite solar cells. The modified model captures thelight-absorption dependent short-circuit current, contact and transport-layermodified carrier transport, as well as recombination and photon-recyclinginfluenced open-circuit voltage. Our theoretical and experimental results showthat for experimentally optimized perovskite solar cells with the powerconversion efficiency of 19%, optical loss of 25%, non-radiative recombinationloss of 35%, and ohmic loss of 35% are the three dominant loss factors forapproaching the 31% efficiency limit of perovskite solar cells. We also findthat the optical loss will climb up to 40% for a thin-active-layer design.Moreover, a misconfigured transport layer will introduce above 15% of energyloss. Finally, the perovskite-interface induced surface recombination, ohmicloss, and current leakage should be further reduced to upgrade deviceefficiency and eliminate hysteresis effect. The work contributes to fundamentalunderstanding of device physics of perovskite solar cells. The developed modeloffers a systematic design and analysis tool to photovoltaic science andtechnology.
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